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Fossard, Marion

Nom
Fossard, Marion
Affiliation principale
Fonction
Professeure ordinaire
Email
marion.fossard@unine.ch
Identifiants
https://libra.unine.ch/handle/123456789/581
_
0000-0002-4955-2354

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  • Publication
    Restriction temporaire
    Evaluation du marquage grammatical de la référence temporelle en français : étude psycholinguistique auprès de personnes atteintes de maladie d’Alzheimer
    (Neuchâtel : Université de Neuchâtel, 2024)
    Schaffner, Evodie 
    ;
    Fossard, Marion 
    Introduction : La vie humaine est constituée d’une succession d’événements indissociables du temps dans lequel ils s’inscrivent. Dès lors, l’être humain est capable de percevoir le temps, d’y naviguer et de l’exprimer. En linguistique, la référence temporelle permet l’expression du temps à travers le langage, notamment grâce aux concepts de temps et d’aspect grammatical. Elle permet en effet d’exprimer quand un événement a eu lieu par le marquage grammatical du temps et comment celui-ci s’est produit grâce au marquage grammatical de l’aspect. En français, comme dans d’autres langues, cette capacité à exprimer le temps à travers le langage se réalise en grande partie à travers la flexion verbale. La référence temporelle peut être atteinte dans le cadre de certaines pathologies. C’est notamment le cas dans la Maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) dans laquelle des difficultés à percevoir le temps et à y naviguer (liées en partie à une atteinte progressive de la mémoire épisodique) coexistent avec des difficultés de flexion verbale. L’origine des difficultés de flexion verbale dans cette maladie reste toutefois peu étudiée. Objectifs : Cette thèse porte sur le marquage grammatical de la référence temporelle chez des personnes francophones présentant un trouble neurocognitif (TNC) de type MA. Elle vise trois objectifs principaux, à savoir (1) déterminer si le temps (présent, passé, futur) et l’aspect grammatical (perfectif, imperfectif) constituent des accords difficiles à produire en français pour cette population, (2) si tel est le cas, investiguer la ou les sources de ces difficultés de marquage grammatical de la référence temporelle, et (3) évaluer si le profil mnésique et exécutif des participants a un effet sur leur capacité à marquer morphologiquement le temps et l’aspect grammatical. Méthode : Vingt et un participants francophones présentant une MA et 21 participants sans TNC, appariés en âge et niveau d’éducation, ont été recrutés. Des tâches de flexion verbale de complétion de phrases lacunaires, des tâches discursives ainsi que des tâches évaluant la perception du temps et la capacité à y naviguer leur ont été proposées. Plusieurs tests d’évaluation des fonctions cognitives (ex. mémoire de travail, fonctions exécutives, mémoire épisodique) ont également été employés. Les données ont été analysées à l’aide de modèles statistiques à effets mixtes. Résultats : Les analyses ont mis en évidence la présence de difficultés à marquer le temps et l’aspect grammatical chez les personnes présentant une MA et ce, aussi bien dans des tâches de complétion de phrases lacunaires, que dans des tâches discursives. Ces difficultés sont notamment liées au profil cognitif des participants et en particulier à leurs compétences en mémoire de travail verbale, en flexibilité mentale et en inhibition. Le type de tâche utilisé semble toutefois également influencer la production de la référence temporelle dans cette population. Introduction: Human life consists of a succession of events that are inseparable from the time in which they occurred. Human beings are then able to perceive, navigate and express time. Time reference is the linguistic expression of time. It allows us to express time through language using the concepts of tense and grammatical aspect. More precisely, time reference expresses when the event happened, with tense, and how it happened, with aspect. In French, as in tensed languages, time reference is essentially made by verbal inflection. This ability can be altered in some pathologies. This may be the case in Alzheimer's disease (AD), where difficulties in time reference coexist with difficulties in time perception and navigation (partly due to the progressive loss of episodic memory). However, the origin of verb inflection difficulties in this disease remains poorly studied. Aims: This thesis investigates the grammatical marking of time reference in French speakers with AD. It has three main objectives: (1) to investigate whether tense (past, present, future) and grammatical aspect (perfective, imperfective) are difficult to produce in French in this population, (2) if so, to investigate the source(s) of this time reference deficit, and (3) to assess whether the participants' cognitive profile (memory and executive functions) affects their ability to grammatically mark tense and aspect. Method: Twenty-one French-speaking participants with AD and 21 age- and education-matched controls took part in this study. Participants were given sentence completion tasks and discursive tasks to assess verbal inflection, as well as tasks focusing on time perception and mental time travel. Several tests assessing cognitive functions (e.g., working memory, executive functions, episodic memory) were also used in this study. Data were analysed using statistical mixed-effects models. Results: Analysis showed that participants with AD had difficulty grammatically marking tense and aspect. This finding was found in sentence completion tasks but also in discursive tasks. These difficulties are partly related to their cognitive profile, and in particular to their abilities in verbal working memory, mental flexibility and inhibition. However, the type of task seems to also have an influence on the production of time reference in AD.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Mental Time Travel and Time Reference Difficulties in Alzheimer's Disease: Are they related? A systematic review
    (2022-5-9)
    Schaffner, Evodie 
    ;
    Sandoz, Mélanie 
    ;
    Grisot, Cristina
    ;
    Auclair-Ouellet, Noemie
    ;
    Fossard, Marion 
    Mental time travel and language enable us to go back and forth in time and to organizeand express our personal experiences through time reference. People with Alzheimer’sdisease have both mental time travel and time reference impairments, which can greatlyimpact their daily communication. Currently, little is known about the potential relationshipbetween time conceptualization (i.e., mental time travel) and time reference difficulties inthis disease. A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine if this linkhad already been investigated. Only three articles integrated both time conceptualizationand time reference measures. However, the link between the two was not systematicallyanalyzed and interpreted. This review highlights the lack of research addressing thequestion of the influence of time conceptualization impairments in Alzheimer’s disease onother cognitive domains, and especially language
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Aspect réceptif de la syntaxe
    (Louvain la neuve: de Boeck supérieur, 2022)
    Fossard, Marion 
    ;
    Schaffner, Evodie 
    ;
    Auclair-Ouellet, Noemie
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    When and Why do old speakers use more fillers than young speakers?
    (Louvain la Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2019)
    Rousier-Vercruyssen, Lucie 
    ;
    Lacheret, Anne
    ;
    Fossard, Marion 
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Que révèle la pause silencieuse sur l'accessibilité cognitive d'un référent et le vieillissement langagier?
    (2018-8-3)
    Rousier-Vercruyssen, Lucie 
    ;
    Lacheret, Anne
    ;
    Fossard, Marion 
    Cette contribution a pour objectif principal d’examiner les relations entre saillance référentielle et durée des pauses, et leurs variations chez des locuteurs jeunes adultes et seniors. L’objectif secondaire est d’explorer l’existence d’un lien potentiel entre la durée des pauses et l’habileté de prise en compte de l’autre. Pour cette étude, des narrations d’images séquentielles et un questionnaire d’autoévaluation ont été utilisés. Les résultats ont montré que les pauses silencieuses semblent implicitement marquer l’acte référentiel : les pauses sont plus longues avant un changement de référent d’accessibilité moindre comparativement à l’évocation d’un référent maintenu. L’évocation d’un référent – quelle que soit son accessibilité – paraît plus complexe pour les seniors comparativement aux jeunes adultes. Cette complexité s’avère plus présente chez les seniors qui ont des difficultés de prise en compte de l’autre.
  • Publication
    Métadonnées seulement
    Referential choices in a collaborative storytelling task: discourse stages and referential complexity matter
    (2018-2-20)
    Fossard, Marion 
    ;
    Achim, Amélie
    ;
    Rousier-Vercruyssen, Lucie 
    ;
    Gonzalez, Sylvia 
    ;
    Bureau, Alexandre
    ;
    Champagne-Lavau, Maud
    During a narrative discourse, accessibility of the referents is rarely fixed once and for all. Rather, each referent varies in accessibility as the discourse unfolds, depending on the presence and prominence of the other referents. This leads the speaker to use various referential expressions to refer to the main protagonists of the story at different moments in the narrative. This study relies on a new, collaborative storytelling in sequence task designed to assess how speakers adjust their referential choices when they refer to different characters at specific discourse stages corresponding to the introduction, maintaining or shift of the character in focus, in increasingly complex referential contexts. Referential complexity of the stories was manipulated through variations in the number of characters (1 vs. 2) and, for stories in which there were two characters, in their ambiguity in gender (different vs. same gender). Data were coded for the type of reference markers as well as the type of reference content (i.e. the extent of the information provided in the referential expression). Results showed that, beyond the expected effects of discourse stages on reference markers (more indefinite markers at the introduction stage, more pronouns at the maintaining stage, and more definite markers at the shift stage), the number of characters and their ambiguity in gender also modulated speakers’ referential choices at specific discourse stages, For the maintaining stage, an effect of the number of characters was observed for the use of pronouns and of definite markers, with more pronouns when there was a single character, sometimes replaced by definite expressions when two characters were present in the story. For the shift stage, an effect of gender ambiguity was specifically noted for the reference content with more specific information provided in the referential expression when there was referential ambiguity. Reference content is an aspect of referential marking that is rarely addressed in a narrative context, yet it revealed a quite flexible referential behavior by the speakers.
  • Publication
    Accès libre
    Referential Choices in a Collaborative Storytelling Task: Discourse Stages and Referential Complexity Matter
    (2018)
    Fossard, Marion 
    ;
    Achim, Amélie M.
    ;
    Rousier-Vercruyssen, Lucie 
    ;
    Gonzalez, Sylvia 
    ;
    Bureau, Alexandre
    ;
    Champagne-Lavau, Maud
    During a narrative discourse, accessibility of the referents is rarely fixed once and for all. Rather, each referent varies in accessibility as the discourse unfolds, depending on the presence and prominence of the other referents. This leads the speaker to use various referential expressions to refer to the main protagonists of the story at different moments in the narrative. This study relies on a new, collaborative storytelling in sequence task designed to assess how speakers adjust their referential choices when they refer to different characters at specific discourse stages corresponding to the introduction, maintaining, or shift of the character in focus, in increasingly complex referential contexts. Referential complexity of the stories was manipulated through variations in the number of characters (1 vs. 2) and, for stories in which there were two characters, in their ambiguity in gender (different vs. same gender). Data were coded for the type of reference markers as well as the type of reference content (i.e., the extent of the information provided in the referential expression). Results showed that, beyond the expected effects of discourse stages on reference markers (more indefinite markers at the introduction stage, more pronouns at the maintaining stage, and more definite markers at the shift stage), the number of characters and their ambiguity in gender also modulated speakers' referential choices at specific discourse stages, For the maintaining stage, an effect of the number of characters was observed for the use of pronouns and of definite markers, with more pronouns when there was a single character, sometimes replaced by definite expressions when two characters were present in the story. For the shift stage, an effect of gender ambiguity was specifically noted for the reference content with more specific information provided in the referential expression when there was referential ambiguity. Reference content is an aspect of referential marking that is rarely addressed in a narrative context, yet it revealed a quite flexible referential behavior by the speakers.