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- PublicationAccès libre13C- and 15N‑Isotope Analysis of Desphenylchloridazon by Liquid Chromatography−Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Derivatization Gas Chromatography−Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry(2019-1)
; ; ; Elsener, MartinThe widespread application of herbicides impacts surface water and groundwater. Metabolites (e.g., desphenylchloridazon from chloridazon) may be persistent and even more polar than the parent herbicide, which increases the risk of groundwater contamination. When parent herbicides are still applied, metabolites are constantly formed and may also be degraded. Evaluating their degradation on the basis of concentration measurements is, therefore, difficult. This study presents compound-specific stableisotope analysis (CSIA) of nitrogen- and carbon-isotope ratios at natural abundances as an alternative analytical approach to track the origin, formation, and degradation of desphenylchloridazon (DPC), the major degradation product of the herbicide chloridazon. Methods were developed and validated for carbon- and nitrogen-isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of DPC by liquid chromatography−isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS) and derivatization gas chromatography−IRMS (GC-IRMS), respectively. Injecting standards directly onto an Atlantis LC-column resulted in reproducible δ13C-isotope analysis (standard deviation <0.5‰) by LC-IRMS with a limit of precise analysis of 996 ng of DPC on-column. Accurate and reproducible δ15N analysis with a standard deviation of <0.4‰ was achieved by GC-IRMS after derivatization of >100 ng of DPC with 160-fold excess of (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane. Application of the method to environmental-seepage water indicated that newly formed DPC could be distinguished from “old” DPC by the different isotopic signatures of the two DPC sources. - PublicationAccès libre3-D groundwater modeling at regional scale(2001)
; Király, LászlóLarge hydrogeological basins are constituted of several superimposed aquifers, separated by geological formations of relatively low permeabilities. The delimitation of the different flow systems is far more difficult to realize for a heterogeneous system. Flux vectors provide valuable indications about groundwater flow paths and hydraulic exchanges between the different geological formations. Hydraulic relationships between two superimposed aquifers can vary locally: an aquifer can «feed» the underlying one at some point and conversely elsewhere. These relationships, which constitute in fact the flow field, will be determined by the structure of the basin as defined by the spatial distribution of the rock permeabilities, and by the boundary conditions, as defined by the locations of the recharge and discharge areas. The aim of this study is to show schematically the deep groundwater flow patterns between the massives of the Aar and the Black Forest. The hydrogeological profiles illustrate three-dimensional flow fields inside a large volume of terrain and represent but one of the numerous solutions of the mathematical modelling realized. Computations have been performed for a steady state flow regime, which means that the boundary conditions do not vary with time.
On the basis of modelling results, it was possible to illustrate schematically the deep flow systems of the most important aquifers between the Aar massives and the Black Forest (Malm, Muschelkalk and upper Cristallin). An approximate but plausible representation of the groundwater circulation in deep aquifers was obtained thanks to the model. We are able to distinguish between the hydraulic relationships of two superimposed aquifers in various regions. The three-dimensional representation shows the outcrop zones of the different geological formations as well as the situation of recharge areas, which are characterised by high potentials, and discharge zones, which are characterised by low potentials in valleys represented by the hydrographic network.
Modelling results are then compared to available measurements in an attempt to validate the results. It is interesting to notice that it was possible, to a certain extent, to verify the modelling results by deep drillings. Most particularly, measurements of the hydraulic potentials at various depths in these boreholes have revealed upwellings close to the regional discharge areas. - PublicationAccès libre3D Geological Image Synthesis from 2D Examples Using Generative Adversarial Networks(2020-10)
; Lefebvre, SylvainGenerative Adversarial Networks (GAN) are becoming an alternative to Multiple-point Statistics (MPS) techniques to generate stochastic fields from training images. But a difficulty for all the training image based techniques (including GAN and MPS) is to generate 3D fields when only 2D training data sets are available. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach called Dimension Augmenter GAN (DiAGAN) enabling GANs to generate 3D fields from 2D examples. The method is simple to implement and is based on the introduction of a random cut sampling step between the generator and the discriminator of a standard GAN. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach provides an efficient solution to this long lasting problem. - PublicationAccès libre3D multiple-point statistics simulation using 2D training images(2012-3)
; One of the main issues in the application of multiple-point statistics (MPS) to the simulation of three-dimensional (3D) blocks is the lack of a suitable 3D training image. In this work, we compare three methods of overcoming this issue using information coming from bidimensional (20) training images. One approach is based on the aggregation of probabilities. The other approaches are novel. One relies on merging the lists obtained using the impala algorithm from diverse 2D training images, creating a list of compatible data events that is then used for the MPS simulation. The other (s2Dcd) is based on sequential simulations of 2D slices constrained by the conditioning data computed at the previous simulation steps. These three methods are tested on the reproduction of two 3D images that are used as references, and on a real case study where two training images of sedimentary structures are considered. The tests show that it is possible to obtain 3D MPS simulations with at least two 2D training images. The simulations obtained, in particular those obtained with the s2Dcd method, are close to the references, according to a number of comparison criteria. The CPU time required to simulate with the method s2Dcd is from two to four orders of magnitude smaller than the one required by a MPS simulation performed using a 3D training image, while the results obtained are comparable. This computational efficiency and the possibility of using MPS for 3D simulation without the need for a 3D training image facilitates the inclusion of MPS in Monte Carlo, uncertainty evaluation, and stochastic inverse problems frameworks. - PublicationAccès libre3D multiple-point statistics simulations of the Roussillon Continental Pliocene aquifer using DeeSse(2020-10)
; ; ; - PublicationAccès libre3D stochastic modeling of karst aquifers using a pseudo-genetic methodology(2013)
; Le but de cette thèse est le développement d'une méthodologie de modélisation des aquifères karstiques. Premièrement, la géométrie des conduits karstiques est simulée. La géométrie de ces conduits est contrôlée à large échelle par la géologie (modèle géologique), et à plus petite échelle par la fracturation (modèle stochastique de fracturation).
Deuxièmement, ces modèles géométriques (formations 3D et conduits ensemble) sont utilisés comme base pour la simulation d'écoulement et de transport.
En dernière partie, le simulateur de conduits SKS ("Stochastic Karst Simulator") est couplé avec la simulation d'écoulement et transport pour investiguer une approche inverse qui permette d'utiliser cette méthodologie dans une étude d'incertitude.
La méthodologie de simulation des conduits karstiques développée ici se base sur une approche dite "pseudo-génétique", càd qui mime les résultats des processus de spéléogénèses, sans pour autant simuler toute la dynamique complexe de ces processus, comme la dissolution et le transport réactif de calcite, etc. Dans cette approche pseudo-génétique les conduits karstiques sont simulés par une physique approchée, qui se base sur le principe de minimisation de l'énérgie. L'eau se déplace dans un milieu en cherchant le chemin de moindre résistance. Ce principe est utilisé ici, par l'utilisation d'un algorithme de Fast Marching, qui permet de calculer le chemin de moindre effort., The focus of this thesis is the development of a methodology to model karst aquifers. First the geometry of the karst conduits is simulated. Their geometry is controlled by the geology at large scale (geological model) and by the fracturation at smaller scale (stochastic model of fractures).
Secondly, these geometrical models (3D geological formation together with conduits) are used as base for flow and transport simulation.
Finally, the karst conduit generator called SKS ("Stochastic Karst Simulator") is coupled with the physical simulation (flow and transport) to investigate an inverse approach which allows to use this methodology in an uncertainty analysis.
The karst conduits simulation methodology is called pseudo genetic because it mimic the results of the speleogenetic processes, without simulating all the complex kinetic of karst systems genesis, like reactive transport, calcite dissolution and precipitation. In this approach, the karst conduits are simulated by approaching the physical principle of minimization of energy using a Fast Marching Algorithm. This algorithm allow to compute the minimum effort path, which is assumed to be the one used by water, and consequently the preferential dissolution., Das Ziel dieser Dissertation besteht in der Entwicklung einer Methode zur Modellierung von Karstaquiferen. In einem ersten Schritt wird die Geometrie des Karstsystems simuliert. Im grossen Massstab wird die Geometrie des Karstsystems durch die Geologie bestimmt (geologisches Modell), in kleinerem Massstab durch Klüfte (stochastisches Modell zur Kluftgenese). In einem zweiten Schritt wird dieses Modell als Grundlage für die Modellierung von Grundwasserströmung und Stoffransport im Karstsystem verwendet.
Schliesslich wird die Simulation des Karstsystems mittels des Karst-Simulator (SKS, "Stochastic Karst Simulator") mit Simulationen von Grundwasserströmung und Stoffransport gekoppelt, um einen inversen Ansatz zu untersuchen, der es erlauben würde diese Methode im Rahmen einer Unsicherheitsanalyse zu verwenden.
Die hier entwickelte Methodik zur Simulierung von Karstaquiferen basiert auf einem sogenannt "pseudogenetischen" Ansatz, weil sie speleogenetische Prozesse nachbildet, ohne die komplexe Dynamik dieser Prozesse, wie Auflösung und reaktiver Transport von Kalzit etc., im Detail zu simulieren. Die Karstgenese wird in dieser Methodik vielmehr durch einen Ansatz angenähert, der auf dem Prinzip der Energieminimierung beruht. Dabei wird ein Fast Marching Algorithmus verwendet, um zwischen den Stellen mit Wasserzuflüssen ins Karstsystem und den Karstquellen den Weg des geringsten Widerstandes zu berechnen., Lo scopo di questa tesi, è lo svipuppo di una metodologia di modellizzazione realistica degli acquiferi carsici. Nella prima parte viene modellizzata la geometria dei condotti carsici. La geometria di questi ultimi, è controllata a larga scala dalla geologia (modello geologico) e a piu piccola scala dalla fratturazione (modello di fratturazione stocastico).
In seguito questi modelli geometrici vengono usati come base per la simulazione di fluidi e trasporto di contaminanti. E infine, il simulatore di condotti carsici SKS ("Stochastic Karst Simulator") è usato insieme alla simulazione di fluidi e trasporto per valutare l'applicabilità di un approcio inverso che permetta di utilizzare questa metodologia di simulazione.
La metodologia di simulazione dei condotti carsici è detta "pseudo genetica", perchè tenta di approssimare la fisica complessa della speleogenesi (come il trasporto reattive, la dissoluzione/precipitazione della calcite) senza dover risolverla numericamente. In effetti si basa sul principio fisico della minimizzazione dell'energia, usando un algoritmo di Fast Marching per calcolare il cammino di minor resistenza (cioè quello che dovrebbe seguire l'acqua). In pratica questa metodologia simula dei sistemi carsici maturi, direttamente nel loro stato finale. - PublicationAccès libreA 2D hyperspectral library of mineral reflectance, from 900 to 2500 nm(2019-11)
; ; ; Mineral identification using machine learning requires a significant amount of training data. We built a library of 2D hyperspectral images of minerals. The library contains reflectance images of 130 samples, of 76 distinct minerals, with more than 3.9 million data points. In order to produce this dataset, various well-characterized mineral samples were scanned, using a SPECIM Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) camera, which captures wavelengths from 900 to 2500 nm. Minerals were selected to represent all the mineral classes and the most common mineral occurrences. For each sample, the following data are provided: (a) At least one hyperspectral image of the sample, consisting of 256 wavelengths between 900 and 2500 nm. The raw data, the high dynamic range (HDR) image, and the masked HDR image are provided for each scan (each of them in HDF5 format). (b) A text file describing the sample, providing supplementary information for the subsequent analysis (c) RGB images (JPEG files) and automated 3D reconstructions (Stanford Triangle PLY files). These data help the user to visualize and understand specific sample characteristics. 2D hyperspectral images were produced for each mineral, which consist of many different spectra with high diversity. The scans feature similar spectra than the ones in other available spectral libraries. An artificial neural network was trained to demonstrate the high quality of the dataset. This spectral library is mainly aimed at training machine learning algorithms, such as neural networks, but can be also used as validation data for other types of classification algorithms. - PublicationAccès libreA 3D geological model of a structurally complex Alpine region as a basis for interdisciplinary research(2018-10)
; - PublicationAccès libreA comparison of FBG- and Brillouin-strain sensing in the framework of a decameter-scale hydraulic stimulation experiment(: American Rock Mechanics Association, 2018-6-18)
; Amann, F.In the framework of the In-situ Stimulation and Circulation (ISC) experiment Fiber-Bragg-Grating (FBG) and Brillouin strain sensing systems were installed to monitor deformation during six hydraulic shearing and six hydraulic fracturing experiments. Three boreholes were dedicated to strain monitoring. Both systems are installed in the same boreholes, offering a unique opportunity to compare these systems with respect to their applicability in hydraulic stimulation tests. A total of 60 FBG sensors with 1 m base length were installed across fractures, shear zones and intact rock. Along the entire borehole length, pre-stressed optical cables for Brillouin distributed strain (DBS) sensing were embedded in grout with two installation methods: a bare cable and a cable packed and fixed with glue every 0.65 m. The strain signals were compared as time series for a given borehole depth and as profiles along the borehole axis. The study reveals that the FBG system gives a high accuracy (0.04 µ-strain) and temporal resolution (>1s) with pointwise measurements. The bare DBS leg yield good quantitative strain data with poorer strain accuracy (>500 times poorer than FBG) and poorer temporal resolution (factor of >100). The packed DBS leg provide no meaningful information about the strain field. - PublicationAccès libreA dynamic model of the Aral Sea water and salt balance(2004)
With this model, we obtain an estimate of the evaporation flux (between 1100 and more than 1200 mm/year depending on the salinity) larger than earlier estimates. The estimated groundwater discharge into the sea is also larger than earlier estimates and is highly variable from year to year. The last point is that the model is able to simulate rather well the evolution of the salinity until the 1980s, but it does not reproduce accurately the chemical evolution of the lake during the most recent period and needs further improvements. - PublicationAccès libreA finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition for convective-diffusive transport problems(2004-11-05)
; ; Diersch, Hans-JörgA simple finite element formulation of the outlet gradient boundary condition is presented in the general context of convective-diffusive transport processes. Basically, the method is based on an upstream evaluation of the dependent variable gradient along open boundaries. Boundary normal unit vectors and gradient operators are evaluated using covariant bases and metric tensors, which allow handling finite elements of mixed dimensions. Even though the presented method has implications for many fields where diffusion processes are involved, discussion and illustrative examples address more particularly the framework of contaminant transport in porous media, in which the outlet gradient concentration is classically, but wrongly assumed to be zero. - PublicationAccès libreA Framework for the Cross‐Validation of Categorical Geostatistical Simulations(2020-6)
; ; The mapping of subsurface parameters and the quantification of spatial uncertainty requires selecting adequate models and their parameters. Cross‐validation techniques have been widely used for geostatistical model selection for continuous variables, but the situation is different for categorical variables. In these cases, cross‐validation is seldom applied, and there is no clear consensus on which method to employ. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic framework for the cross‐validation of geostatistical simulations of categorical variables such as geological facies. The method is based on K‐fold cross‐validation combined with a proper scoring rule. It can be applied whenever an observation data set is available. At each cross‐validation iteration, the training set becomes conditioning data for the tested geostatistical model, and the ensemble of simulations is compared to true values. The proposed framework is generic. Its application is illustrated with two examples using multiple‐point statistics simulations. In the first test case, the aim is to identify a training image from a given data set. In the second test case, the aim is to identify the parameters in a situation including nonstationarity for a coastal alluvial aquifer in the south of France. Cross‐validation scores are used as metrics of model performance and quadratic scoring rule, zero‐one score, and balanced linear score are compared. The study shows that the proposed fivefold stratified cross‐validation with the quadratic scoring rule allows ranking the geostatistical models and helps to identify the proper parameters. - PublicationAccès libreA Framework for Untangling Transient Groundwater Mixing and Travel Times(2021-2)
; ; ; ; Kipfer, RolfUnderstanding the mixing between surface water and groundwater as well as groundwater travel times in vulnerable aquifers is crucial to sustaining a safe water supply. Age dating tracers used to infer apparent travel times typically refer to the entire groundwater sample. A groundwater sample, however, consists of a mixture of waters with a distribution of travel times. Age dating tracers only reflect the proportion of the water that is under the dating range of the used tracer, thus their interpretation is typically biased. Additionally, end-member mixing models are subject to various sources of uncertainties, which are typically neglected. In this study, we introduce a new framework that untangles groundwater mixing ratios and travel times using a novel combination of in-situ noble gas analyses. We applied this approach during a groundwater pumping test carried out in a pre-alpine Swiss valley. First, we calculated transient mixing ratios between recently infiltrated river water and regional groundwater present in a wellfield, using helium-4 concentrations combined with a Bayesian end-member mixing model. Having identified the groundwater fraction of recently infiltrated river water (Frw) consequently allowed us to infer the travel times from the river to the wellfield, estimated based on radon-222 activities of Frw. Furthermore, we compared tracer-based estimates of Frw with results from a calibrated numerical model. We demonstrate (i) that partitioning of major water sources enables a meaningful interpretation of an age dating tracer of the water fraction of interest and (ii) that the streambed has a major control on the estimated travel times. - PublicationAccès libreA geostatistical approach to the simulation of stacked channels(2017)
- PublicationAccès libreA hydraulic mixing-cell method to quantify the groundwater component of streamflow within spatially distributed fully integrated surface water–groundwater flow models(2011)
; ; - PublicationAccès libreA Karst Probability Map for the Western Mountain Aquifer (Israel & West Bank) using a stochastic modeling approach(2021-4-13)
; Engelhardt, Irina - PublicationAccès libreA method for the stochastic modeling of karstic systems accounting for geophysical data: an example of application in the region of Tulum, Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico)(2013-1-10)
; ; - PublicationAccès libreA methodology for pseudo-genetic stochastic modeling of discrete fracture networks(2013-1-10)
; Sausse, Judith - PublicationAccès libreA model ensemble generator to explore structural uncertainty in karst systems with unmapped conduits(2020-10)
; Goldscheider, NicoKarst aquifers are characterized by high-conductivity conduits embedded in a low-conductivity fractured matrix, resulting in extreme heterogeneity and variable groundwater flow behavior. The conduit network controls groundwater flow, but is often unmapped, making it difficult to apply numerical models to predict system behavior. This paper presents a multi-model ensemble method to represent structural and conceptual uncertainty inherent in simulation of systems with limited spatial information, and to guide data collection. The study tests the new method by applying it to a well-mapped, geologically complex long-term study site: the Gottesacker alpine karst system (Austria/Germany). The ensemble generation process, linking existing tools, consists of three steps: creating 3D geologic models using GemPy (a Python package), generating multiple conduit networks constrained by the geology using the Stochastic Karst Simulator (a MATLAB script), and, finally, running multiple flow simulations through each network using the Storm Water Management Model (C-based software) to reject nonbehavioral models based on the fit of the simulated spring discharge to the observed discharge. This approach captures a diversity of plausible system configurations and behaviors using minimal initial data. The ensemble can then be used to explore the importance of hydraulic flow parameters, and to guide additional data collection. For the ensemble generated in this study, the network structure was more determinant of flow behavior than the hydraulic parameters, but multiple different structures yielded similar fits to the observed flow behavior. This suggests that while modeling multiple network structures is important, additional types of data are needed to discriminate between networks.